HOW TO MAKE GAJAR KA MURRABA: DELICIOUS SPICY CARROT CONSERVE

GAJAR KA MURRABA – CARROT CONSERVE

This is a spicy conserve which is really delicious and easy to make, although it does take a long time to cook. However you don’t have to watch it too much.

Ingredients

1 kilo red carrots, scraped and cut so that pieces are equal sizes

2 glasses of sugar

6 green cardamoms

2 sticks cinnamon

½ inch piece of ginger, peeled but whole

2 tbsps lemon juice

2 tbsps white vinegar

2 tbsps rose water

Method

Prick the carrot pieces all over with a skewer so that the syrup can go into them.

Put 6 glasses of water in a pan with the sugar and carrots; stir well so that the sugar is mixed in the water.

When the water starts to boil add all the other ingredients.

Cover the pan and cook over a low heat, until the syrup hangs from a metal spoon in one thread.

This takes between 2 or 3 hours as the heat should be very low.

Allow the mixture to cool then store in airtight jars. Store in a cool dark place. You can use the syrup for the next batch when you finish the conserve.

This has Taste and is a Treat.

WHAT IS BANAF SHAH? BLUE VIOLET:HOW TO MAKE VIOLET FLOWER SYRUP AND VIOLET LEAF TISANE

BLUE VIOLET, BANAF SHAH, VIOLA ODORATA

The blue violet or common violet or sweet violet is one of around 200 species of violet which includes white violets and African violets. Violets are in the same family as the pansy, all violets have probably been used in medicine, cosmetics and the perfume industry for thousands of years.

   Hippocrates, the Greek Father of Medicine believed they were useful in treating liver disorders and bad tempers. The ancient Celts used to steep the flowers in goat’s milk and use the liquid to enhance female beauty. Pliny wrote that the root of the plant was good when mixed with vinegar to treat gout and spleen problems. The Romans would wear garlands or chaplets believing that the flowers would prevent dizziness and headaches associated with alcohol and they also made wine from violet flowers. For ancient Greeks they were symbols of fertility and love, so they used them in love potions.

   In the 10^th century people believed that violets could protect against evil, and carried the flowers around with them. By the 16^th century the British used them in a syrup as a laxative, and Gerard believed that they were anti-inflammatory and could ease a painful throat. He also wrote that they “comforteth the heart and causeth sleep.” By the 17^th century they were made into a conserve with sugar which was favoured by King Charles II. Culpeper wrote that they were good for epilepsy, jaundice, pleurisy, skin problems and good for the eyes. He wrote “The green leaves are used with other herbs to make plasters and poultices for inflammation and swellings and to ease all pains whatsoever arising from heat and for piles, being fried with the yolk of an egg and applied thereto.” The leaves were thought to be a remedy for bruises at the time (17^th century) too. The leaves do have antiseptic properties it has been found.

by Carlo Cibei

   The root can cause vomiting and has been used as a purgative and emetic. Taken internally and externally the leaves have been employed as a treatment for cancer as they allay pain and have been used most effectively for patients with cancer of the throat. Violet seeds have diuretic qualities and are also a purgative and used for gout.

   In traditional medicine it is believed that if you bathe your feet in water full of violet flowers and then put the leaves on your temples before going to bed you will sleep soundly. This is supposed to cure insomnia.

   Violet flowers contain malic acid, and the leaves, palmitic acid, propionic acid, octenoic acid and octylic acid. The whole plant contains ferulic acid and sinapic acid, and flavonoids which include quercetin. Rutin is another flavonoid found in the flowers, and there are saponins in the root. The essential oil is methyl salicylate and the plant contains mucilage.

   Rutin strengthens the capillaries and walls of the veins, and there are antioxidants in the plant too, beta-carotene and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). In Germany violet tea or tisane is approved for some skin problems. The flavonoids can lower blood pressure and the plant also contains phenolic glycosides.

   The essential oil is said to relieve anxiety and headaches, and is used in the perfume industry.

   In some countries people wear a violet leaf in their shoe for 7 days to find a lover and treble that in terms of leaf and days on occasions, depending on how desperate they are I suppose. Mixed with lavender flowers, violets are said to be an aphrodisiac, whether in a tisane or just the smell is not clear.

   To make a syrup from the flowers you will need 1 pound of freshly picked flowers all stems removed, you just need the heads. Pour 2½ pints of boiling water over them and allow them to steep for 24 hours. Strain through muslin, and add double the weight of sugar (for 1 cup of syrup add 1¾ cups of sugar or gur and heat but don’t let the syrup boil. Heat the syrup until the sugar has dissolved and then pour it into a sterile glass bottle or jar and allow to cool. Then put in the fridge or freeze. You can add a little lemon juice to counter the sweetness when boiling, two tablespoons will suffice. This is concentrated and can be used as a refreshing drink if you pour a little syrup over ice and add sparkling water. You can decorate it with fresh mint or lemon balm leaves. A tisane recipe for the leaves is given below.

    The name viola comes from the Greek meaning lone, but there is a myth in which Jupiter turned his beloved Io into a white bull so that she could escape the wrath of his wife, the jealous Juno, and made the earth sprout violets for her to eat. Some say this is how the flower got the name viola.

    Another myth about the violet is that of Venus and Adonis or Cybele and Attis. Attis was killed by a wild boar he was hunting, and as his blood fell to earth, violets grew from it. (Some myths say the flowers were hyacinths however.)

   The flower was adopted as a symbol by followers of Napoleon after his exile on Elba. He wrote a last message to them which said that he would return “with violets” and this became their code word for him and a toast.

   The violet has been mentioned very often in literature, and Aristophanes the ancient Greek writer of comedies (c.446-386BC) referred to the city of Athens as the “violet-crowned city”. Shakespeare has references to violets in several of his plays including “Hamlet”. In that play Ophelia in her distress after her father Polonius’s death sings in the presence of the Queen Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother,

   “I would give some violets, but they withered all when my father died: they say he made a good death.” (Act 4 scene 5)

And in the same play (Act 5 scene 1) Laertes says of Ophelia on her demise:

       “Lay her in the earth,

        And from her fair and unpolluted flesh

        May violets spring.”

by Leo Michels

In one of the Lucy poems William Wordsworth also mentions violets: -

        “She dwelt among untrodden ways

         A violet by a mossy stone

         Half hidden from the eye!

         Fair as a star when only one

         Is shining in the sky.”

Of course there is the old Valentine’s Day rhyme too,

        “Roses are red,

         Violets are blue,

         Sugar is sweet

         And so are you.”

In Victorian times violets were the symbol of modesty, hence the phrase “shrinking violet.” Violets get their reputation for being modest and chaste because they are well hidden in forests in their natural habitat in Britain. It was also the flower of watchfulness, faithfulness and truthfulness. It was associated with mourning, especially for those who died when young, and is seen in many of the pre-Raphaelite paintings. (Millais Death of Ophelia for example).

   In the US the blue violet is the state flower of Illinois, New Jersey and Rhode Island. It is the flower of those with birthdays in February too.

  You can use violet flowers in salads, or crystallize them and use for cake decorations.

   The tisane below can be used as an eyewash, aftershave lotion, face tonic, and as a wash for babies. It is also effective for throat problems and mouth infections.

  

VIOLET LEAF TISANE

Ingredients

2½ oz violet leaves, freshly picked

1 pt boiling water

Method

Clean the leaves in cold water, then place in a stone jar. Cover them with the boiling water and cover the jar tightly. Leave to steep for 12 hours, overnight, or until the water is green. Strain through a muslin or fine cloth and store. Drink cold.

For a compress to apply to skin for rashes etc., use 1oz chopped leaves to ½ pint of boiling water.

This has Taste and is a Treat.

WHAT IS AMLOOK FRUIT? DATE PLUM OR DIOSPYROS LOTUS: MEDICINAL BENEFITS AND USES OF DATE PLUM

DATE-PLUM, TOOR AMLOOK, AMLOOK, MALOOK, DIOSPYROS LOTUS

The date plum is so called because it tastes like a cross between date and a plum. In fact it is not related to either, but is a very close relation to the persimmon. It is native to the Himalayas and grows wild in Pakistan and India, where it does not yet have a history of cultivation. In fact ethnobotanical studies carried out in the Palas and Swat Valleys of Pakistan have suggested that the fruit be grown on a commercial basis in order to improve the economy of those rather poor areas.

   The fruit of Diospyros lotus begins green, then the unripe fruit turns yellow (and should not be eaten at this stage) and finally turns purple-black. It looks like a small black persimmon and has 5 or 6 large seeds inside it. The fruit is sometimes dried and is tasty like this too. The fruit is only 1 or 2 centimetres in diameter, but is highly valued for its sweetness.

     The fruit is mentioned in Homer’s “Odyssey”; it is the lotus that made Odysseus’ men forget their homeland Ithaca while they were in the land of the “lotus eaters Ancient Greeks esteemed this fruit highly and called it “the fruit of the gods”.

   The date-plum has potent antioxidant effects and results of modern medical trials suggest that it might be a good treatment for diabetes. It also exhibits potency in combating free radicals, so is thought to be an anti-cancer agent.

   In traditional medicine in the Indian subcontinent, the fruit is used as a laxative and purgative while the watery extract from parts of the tree has wound healing properties. It is also used to combat fevers.

    The wood from the tree is a poor quality ebony, (Diospyros ebenum) and because it polishes up well is used to make musical instruments- in particular the keys of pianos.

  It is grown in southern Europe and could also be a native plant of Turkey where it grows in abundance. It was introduced into Britain in 1597 and was cultivated in the 17^th century, although it never gained popularity with gardeners. In Britain it grows only to half its potential full size, as in its native habitat it grows to heights of 30 metres.

   It is eaten raw and used in fruit salads, and once tasted you can’t resist it, whether it is fresh or dried. There aren’t any recipes from us, as we just eat the delicious fruit whenever we find it.

WHAT IS AMALAKI HERB? INDIAN GOOSEBERRY OR AMLA: MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF AMALAKI: AMALAKI RECIPES

AMALAKI, AMLA, INDIAN GOOSEBERRY, (EMBLICA OFFICINALIS)

The Amalaki, Amla, or Indian gooseberry is related to the commonly known European types of gooseberry but it is not the same, nor does it have the same properties. For one thing the Indian gooseberry grows on trees while the European gooseberry grows on bushes. The Indian one has big stones in it whereas the other gooseberry has small seeds all through it. When the Western world discovered this Indian Gooseberry in recent years, with the boom in sales of dietary supplements and alternative and complementary medicines this fruit was hailed as the “new superfruit” which just goes to show how “western-centric” journalists in the West are.  The Indian gooseberry was mentioned in the Rig Veda, a materia medica that was written somewhere around 3000 BC. How can they describe it as a “new” superfruit?

Amalaki Tree

    There are two types of Indian gooseberry, the Vanya which is small hard and fibrous and grows wild in forests in the Indian subcontinent, and the Gramya, which is softer, juicier and more succulent than the forest Vanya type. Tibetan and Indian herbalists have long used this Indian gooseberry for its antioxidant properties. This gooseberry also contains polyphenols, tannins and bioflavonoids as well as essential amino acids and phytonutrients. The gallic acid it contains is a very powerful antioxidant and it also has a high vitamin C content, making it one of the best fruits for boosting the immune and digestive systems.

   It has been used throughout the centuries as an aphrodisiac and a cure for impotence as the well told story of the sage Muni Chyawan illustrates. The sage restored his youthful sexual vigour with this fruit some time in the 7^th century, so if it was good enough for him, men thought, it was good enough for them.

   In Ayurvedic medicine it is used to restore a jaded appetite, and to strengthen the functions of the pancreas of diabetics and stimulate the production of insulin. It is a scared plant because of its healing properties, and it can help rejuvenate the elderly, combating inflammation caused by arthritis, and acting as a tonic in general and for those who are recovering from an illness in particular. It helps to purify the blood, and is given to people with hepatitis, as it helps the liver function normally. It is also good for the spleen and for those who suffer from gout, osteoporosis, and asthma and has been used to treat a plethora of other diseases too.

  Recent trials have found that it is very beneficial in the treatment of diabetes which supports its use in traditional medicine in Asia.

   To treat asthma herbalists recommend taking 5 grams of amla fruit with honey every morning. To prevent hair loss you should eat 6 amla fruit or boil them in a cup of milk then remove the large seeds and mash to a pulp in the milk. You should then apply this paste to your hair roots and leave it on for 20 minutes before washing your hair. Drink fresh juice from the Indian gooseberry every day to purify the blood and prevent skin problems such as acne. If there is no fresh juice, then you can use 2 grams of amla powder mixed with ghee and honey and eaten.

   If you have lost your appetite then you should try this remedy: - 1 part cloves, 1 part nutmeg, 1 part fresh green chilli pepper chopped finely,3 parts amla and 8 parts ginger root ground to a powder. You need to add gur or jaggery to taste and eat 2 or 3 teaspoons before each meal.

  You can make a preserve of amla by cutting the fruit into small pieces, covering them with lemon juice and rock salt and storing in an airtight glass jar in a cool dark place. This is good for indigestion. You can use the bark and leaves in a decoction for mouth ulcers. Put the bark and leaves in water and boil until the water has reduced by half; leave to cool then strain and use as a gargle for sore throats and mouth ulcers. You can also drink this hot as a tisane and it will help with any stomach problems you might have, but only take half a cup at first, with honey, to see how it reacts on you. It is a purifier, so may have a laxative effect.

   I am told that if you take 1 teaspoon of amla powder with 2 teaspoons of jaggery for a month, it will reduce the aches and pains of rheumatism.

   These Indian gooseberries certainly have Taste and work as a Treat(ment) too.

WHAT IS BER FRUIT? JUJUBE BERRY: MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF BER OR JUJUBE BERRY

BER, JUJUBE, ZIZYPHUS VULGARIS

Ber is the Urdu name for the fruit of the tree Zizyphus vulgaris, or mauritania or sativa and is called the jujube berry in English. It is also known as the Indian jujube or Chinese date. It has a brownish skin when ripe and smells a little like hops, with an astringent taste. These trees are believed to be native to Syria, but there is some evidence that they are also native to the Indian subcontinent.

    In Pakistan the fruit can be found in the month of December, and it is sold then fresh, but can also be dried. In Europe the fruit was made into a cough medicine and tisane for medicinal reasons in times past. 

     In India the tree is sacred to Shiva and is known as “the tree which removes sorrow”, perhaps because of its sedative properties. It was depicted in the Ramayana so has been known for centuries in the subcontinent and was not a recently introduced species.

    In Pakistan there are metaphorical uses for ber as they say that if you have a quarrel with a relative or close friend you should go and talk it over as a relationship is not like ber.  If you leave the person you quarreled with alone for some time the rift will widen between you. If ber fall to the ground they are not damaged but the fruit gets better, and if you smooth things over after a quarrel the relationship will get better like the ber.

   It is also said that if there are marriageable daughters in a house then suitors will come just as surely as if there were a ber tree and stones will come as the children try to knock the fruit off the tree.

     The fruit has been used in traditional medicine as an emollient, expectorant, coolant, anodyne and tonic and has been used as an antidote for aconite poisoning. It is given to relieve abdominal pains during pregnancy and can be applied to wounds when used in a poultice.

  The leaves can be used as a laxative and for throat problems as a decoction and the same liquid can also be used for skin problems. The roots have wound healing properties too.

   Medical researchers have found a “new” flavonoid in ber called zivulgarin and trials are underway to discover how it might benefit us. Oleamide found in an extract of Zizyphus jujube has been found to help fight Alzheimer’s disease, and help the cognitive processes.

   Wood from the trees is used by villagers to make agricultural implements as it is hard and durable, while the leaves are used as fodder for sheep and goats, so all parts of the tree are useful and well utilized.

    It has been found that there is saponins in he leaves and vitamin C in the form of ascorbic acid in the fruit, as well as the B-complex vitamins, thiamin, riboflavin and pectin. It has immunostimulant, antioxidant and wound healing properties, and pectin is known to be useful in cases of diarrhoea. The fruit also helps lower cholesterol levels and blood pressure. Some of the triterpenoic acids isolated from the fruit are also believed to be useful in fighting cancer and HIV.

   Personally I don’t like these fruits, but as they are so good for us, I might try one or two again.

WHAT IS COCCINIA INDICA? KHOCHOPER HERB: HOW TO USE IN MEDICINE

COCCINIA INDICA, KHOCHOPER, BIMBI, IVY GOURD

This plant is a creeper which is in the pumpkin family. It grows wild in the Indian subcontinent and may be found in forests and fields. Hakims or herbalists would try to persuade children to bring them from the forest but the fruit are so tasty that hardly any got back to the elderly hakims. They taste like a honey melon, but sometimes they are sour and not so good to eat raw. They come in different shapes and sizes too some looking like gherkins, others may be round like tiny water melons. The flowers have red sheaths, but are white and rather like those of convolvulus. If you eat the fruit raw it will get rid of mouth ulcers and eating two fruit a day, raw will help diabetes sufferers and improve dry skin.

   The fruit can regulate hypoglycaemia and so can other parts of the plant, but the fruit has the most potent properties. It has been sown that the plant extracts can be useful in treating diabetes and trials are still continuing in humans. It has been used in traditional medicine in the India subcontinent for centuries, without people suffering from ill effects, so is considered safe. Other plants used in the treatment of diabetes and which are undergoing clinical tests are karella (bitter melon) and fenugreek (methi).

  The fruit contain riboflavin, thiamin, linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids and has strong antioxidant properties. The plant is a diaphoretic (induces sweating) so is good for fevers, and is also a diuretic and stimulant. The leaves and stem have antispasmodic and expectorant properties, and the juice from the roots is used for urinary tract infections.

   Juice is extracted from the leaves and can be used for skin problems such as rashes or any other skin problem; one cup of juice may be mixed with 1 teaspoon of butter and applied to affected areas. The juice from the leaves may also be used internally for diarrhoea, in such cases, mix two teaspoons of juice with a cup of natural yoghurt and take two or three times a day. If you are in need of a diuretic, boil 2 teaspoons of chopped roots in a cup of water until the water is reduced to half. Drink this warm.

   You can boil 1 cup of leaves, dry them and then grind them to a fine powder and store in a jar in a cool place until you need to use it. If you have burning eyes, a skin infections or need to cool your body, take a teaspoon of the powder in hot water three times a day.

   This weed has many medical uses and the fruit tastes good too.

OAK TREE, ACORNS, OAK APPLES IN HISTORY AND MEDICINAL USES: OAK TREE BARK DECOCTION

OAK TREES, ACORNS AND OAK APPLES

There are two main genuses of oak tree, the Cyclobalanopsis and the Quercus. The Cyclobalanopsis variety grows in eastern and South East Asia and is an evergreen, whereas the Quercus are the deciduous trees which grow in Europe and North America.

This article deals with the Common oak, Quercus robur, found in the British Isles. The name Quercus comes from “quer” meaning beautiful and “cuoz” meaning tree and the drus in Celtic means tree and more specifically the oak, thus giving rise to the word druid.

mistletoe

   The fruit of the oak tree, the acorn, was used as food when we were hunter-gatherers, although they are now more commonly fed to pigs. The oak tree has special significance in Britain, and was a tree that was sacred to the Druids, those Celts who inhabited what is now Brittany, France, Wales and Cornwall in Britain and other places in Europe. The Druids were the priestly caste who revered the oak as the King of Trees, all of which had their own special significance. Druids believed that mistletoe which grows on these stately trees was a gift from the gods, and used it as well as all parts of the tree in medicine. They worshipped in sacred groves, and groves of oak were the most highly venerated. “Druid” means “knowing the oak tree” and the parasitical plant, mistletoe was known as the “universal healer.” The oak was also thought to be a gateway to other realms and so was important in the shamanic ceremonies or the Druids.

    Oak leaves were a status symbol of the Celts, Romans and ancient Greeks and chaplets of oak leaves could only be worn by those deserving such a high honour. The oak symbolizes strength, fertility wealth and good fortune, and pieces of oak bark are still carried as amulets in parts of Brittany.

     There are many phrases in English that show the power of the oak, for example, “hearts of oak”, attributed both to the Welsh warriors and the English. Thomas Hardy, writing in the late 19^th and early 20^th century gave his morally strong hero in “Far from the Madding Crowd” the name Gabriel Oak.

    In England there are famous oaks, the Gospel oaks which were outside city walls and under the shade of which preachers read psalms and told moral stories from the gospels to parishioners. These were thought to be safe resting places for weary travellers as it was believed that they would be safe from evil under the shelter of these trees. The poet Robert Herrick (1591-1674) wrote these lines: -

          “Dearest, bury me

           Under that holy oke, or Gospel tree”.

 There is also the Royal Oak in which legend has it that Bonnie Prince Charlie (King Charles II of England) hid after his defeat by Cromwell’s Roundheads after the Battle of Worcester in 1651. Many pubs in England were called “The Royal Oak” because of this legend.

evergreen Cyclobalanopsis

   There is also an old rhyme which predicts the weather in spring: -

           “If the Oak’s before the Ash,

            Then you’ll only get a splash;

            If the Ash before the oak,

            Then you’ll get a soak.”

In other words if the oak grows new leaves before the ash tree does, it won’t be a very wet spring, but the opposite will be true if the ash starts to grow new leaves before the oak tree does.

One superstition about the oak tree is that if someone cuts one or damages the tree in any way, their first born son will die young.

     May 29^th is Oak Apple Day in England, called “shikshak” day in Hampshire in southern England. Oak apples are the larvae of the cynip insect and these have astringent qualities due to the gallo-tannic acid they contain. A decoction made from these or from the bark of the oak tree is said to stop internal bleeding. The powdered oak apples used to be mixed with benzoated lard and applied to bleeding gums and piles as well as being employed to stop nosebleeds.

oak "apple"

    The bark of the oak tree can be used in a decoction for various ailments including prolapse of the lower bowel. You can make the decoction with 1 ounce of bark to 2 pints of water. Boil these together until the liquid is reduced by half. The water can be used as an effective gargle for sore throats, applied to bleeding gums or haemorrhoids (piles). Powdered bark can be used as snuff and this was used in the early stages of consumption to cure it. It is supposed to be good for respiratory ailments. The decoction of the bark is a tonic, astringent and antiseptic, so can be applied to cuts and wounds. It has also been used with chamomile flowers as a substitute for quinine for fever. The leaves from the oak tree have been applied to fresh wounds to staunch the bleeding.

    The fruit of the oak tree, the acorn, has been used as a coffee substitute in the past, and you can eat these as long as the tannic acid they contain is leached from them. This is easy, if time-consuming, but you can keep the water and use it for a variety of ailments, including as a skin wash for rashes or irritated skin, as a drink to stop diarrhoea and dysentery, and to put on fresh wounds as it has antiviral and antiseptic properties.

    Boil the acorns in water and after 10 minutes, strain the acorns and put them in another pan of boiling water. You need to do this twice more to be sure there is no tannic acid remaining. Store the water in the fridge and if it grows mould just reboil it to get rid of the mould and continue to store it for medicinal use.

     Now that the acorns are tannin free you can easily peel them and dry or roast them. Roasted acorns make good tisanes or coffee if you add chicory. You can grind the acorns into flour and use it for bread or to thicken sauces. Alternatively you can toast the kernels and cover them with honey for a tasty snack, or make them into a simple homely porridge in the winter months.

    You can even use the water from this process to make a dye, but will have to use a mordant if you want a permanent colour. If you have your own animals you can use the water in the tanning of the skin to make it soft and flexible.

ancient Jurupa oak

   The oak tree is loved by truffle-hunting pigs in Piedmont Italy and the Perigord region of France, as the ultimate fungal delicacy, the black truffle, can be found under oak trees.

    The oak tree has been around for thousands of years as was verified when scientists discovered that the Jurupa oak in California, has been in existence for at least 13,000 years making it much older than the ancient pyramids of Egypt. They believe that it regenerates itself as what looks like a grove of trees has been genetically tested to reveal that it is, in fact one single tree. It is the oldest living organism on the planet that has been discovered so far, and was recognized as such only in 2009.

WHAT IS ALBIZIA LEBBECK? SIRIS TREE OR RATTLE POD OR WOMEN'S TONGUE: MEDICINAL USES OF ALBIZIA LEBBECK

ALBIZIA LEBBECK, SIRIS TREE, RATTLE POD, WOMEN’S TONGUE

Albizia lebbeck or the Siris tree grows profusely in the Punjab province of Pakistan and I have been particularly impressed with its leaves, flowers, and later the seed pods. Locally it is known as the Sharee trees and is used in traditional medicine in the subcontinent. There are a lot of these trees growing in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, and they are very eye-catching when they have their huge ripe pods hanging from the foliage.

    The flowers, fruit, bark, leaves and roots are all used in medicine. The seeds contain crude protein, calcium, phosphorous, iron, niacin and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and most of the essential amino acids. There are saponins in the seeds, but no harmful effects have been reported when the seeds have been eaten, as long as they are eaten in moderation; too many will induce vomiting.

    A paste of the leaves is used to treat skin problems and to improve skin texture, making it smoother. Paste preparations from parts of the plant are applied to insect stings, wounds and bites, and it is also said to be good to promote healthy gums and teeth. It is used to treat inflammation too, and a powder from the different parts of the tree is said to purify the blood and be good for the respiratory system, and to treat allergies. The ethanol extract of the pod is effective against some forms of cancer. Parts of the tree are also used to treat eye problems, impotence and as a diuretic. However it is also thought that the seeds can cause infertility.

   Saponins from the tree are used to make soap and the tannin from the bark is used in the tanning process. Bees love the nectar from the flowers, and the tree itself is a host to lac insects which leave a residue on the tree which can be collected and used in the paint and varnish industry. In this it is similar to the banyan tree.

   Modern medical trials have shown that Albizia lebbeck has “remarkable anti-inflammatory activity supporting the folkloric usage of this plant to treat various inflammatory diseases” (Babu N.P. et al).

   This tree is native to the Indian subcontinent, the Andaman Islands and Myanmar, and various other trees of the Albizia family also grow in other parts of the world, The Albizia chinensis tree grows in these areas and in other countries. In rainforests it can grow to heights of 100 feet, and it usually has seed pods which are 8 to 12 inches long. When the wind blows the seeds rattle in the dry pods, and this has given rise to the name, Rattle pod tree.

HOW TO MAKE SPICY SCRAMBLED EGGS: EASY AND TASTY RECIPE

SPICY SCRAMBLED EGGS

Ingredients

6 eggs

½ cup milk

½ cup grated cheese

2 onions, finely chopped

6 green chillies, finely chopped

2 tsps ginger paste

2 tsps garlic paste

1 tomato, grated

1 cucumber (5-6 inches long), grated

1 potato, thinly sliced

½ handful of fresh mint leaves, shredded

½ handful fresh coriander leaves, shredded

1 tbsp cumin seeds

1 tbsp ajwain or thyme

½ tbsp coriander seeds

1 tsp turmeric

1 tbsp garam masala

1 tsp chilli powder

salt and freshly ground black pepper to taste

1½ cups oil

Method 

Beat the eggs in a bowl and mix with the milk, spices, cheese, herbs, chillies, grated tomato and salt.

Heat the oil in a pan, and fry the potato slices until they are brown. Add the garlic and ginger paste and fry for 1 min. Now put the onion and cucumber in the pan and cook for 4 mins stirring well.

Add the contents of the bowl to the pan; stir well so that the mixture does not stick to the pan and burn.

When it gets thicker, turn down the heat to very low, cover and cook for 10 mins.

Remove the lid and cook until the mixture is the right consistency.

Remove from the heat and serve.

This is my own simple dish that everyone who has tasted it has enjoyed.

This has Taste and is a Treat.

YELLOW SAGE, SPANISH FLAG, LANTANA CAMARA: BENEFITS OF YELLOW SAGE AND USES

SPANISH FLAG, YELLOW SAGE, LANTANA CAMARA

Lantana camara is native to parts of Africa, the West Indies and Central and South America. It has been grown for its ornamental value and has escaped into the wild, so that now it is an invasive species in many countries including Australia, and some in East Africa. There are many different varieties and some of the berries in different countries are highly toxic, for example children have died from ingesting them in Canada. However a recent study (published in November 2010) states that the berries “are not associated with significant toxicity, either ripe or unripe”. Certainly adults in Pakistan tell stories about loving to eat them when they were children. They look and smell a little like blackcurrants, or juniper berries. However, they should be treated with caution.

   Animals which eat too much of the plant can be poisoned and die within 3 to 5 days, and this is thought to be due to the lantadene in the plant which is a polycyclic triterpenoid.

   In Pakistan they grow profusely on waste ground and in other countries they take over complete habitats and destroy other vegetation. They are shrubs and can grow up to 6 feet tall although they are normally around 3-4 feet.

   Although they are weed, they have many uses, as the stems can be made into pulp for paper-making which is a suitable quality for writing and printing, but it is not yet commercially viable to harvest the stems. Similarly the roots yield a latex which could possibly be used to manufacture rubber, but again, this has to be studied to see if it is financially viable.

   In India and Pakistan they are used in folk medicine with the extracts from the plant being used for cancer, chickenpox, measles, asthma, ulcers, swellings, eczema, tumours, high blood pressure, bilious fever, catarrhal infections, tetanus, rheumatism, malaria, dysentery and diarrhoea. The roots are used in a decoction for colds, coughs and flu and gonorrhea. The pounded leaves are used in poultices for swellings and skin problems.

 The leaves have antiseptic properties and can be placed on wounds. The essential oil has triterpenes, such as lantic acid which can kill E.coli and Bacillus cereus, as it has potent antimicrobial qualities. The leaf extract is also fungicidal, nermaticidal and insecticidal, so may be a natural way to kill pests and keep them away from crops. The oil also contains verbasocide which is antimicrobial and has immunosuppressive and anti-tumour properties.

   The twigs and stems are used in still-developing countries as fuel for cooking, and the flowers attract butterflies and moths as they are a good source of nectar for them.

    The best advice is not to ingest any part of this plant, although it probably won’t do you any harm, although this may depend on where you live and the variety of Lantana camara.

  

JACKFRUIT, THE BIGGEST FRUIT THAT GROWS ON TREES: HEALTH BENEFITS AND USES OF JACKFRUIT: JACKFRUIT SALAD

JACKFRUIT, KATHAL (URDU), ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS

Jackfruit or Kathal in Urdu is a member of the mulberry family of trees and fruit. It is distantly related to figs and more closely to breadfruit. It is no relation to durian, although it looks a lot like it when it is growing. It is one of those fruits that you either love or hate, but once you get past the initial reaction to the smell of the whole fruit - similar to rotting onions, and eat the fleshy fruit, you will either love it as we do, or hate it and have an adverse reaction which may cause some discomfort in the back of the throat and tongue for 15 to 20 minutes.

   It is the biggest fruit that grows on trees and can be up to three feet long, and weigh up to 80 pounds. It looks a lot like the durian, but the outer skin is less spiky and the smell is different- durian smells like old socks. You have to slit the fruit open to get at the fleshy pieces which are probably best eaten fresh; although in India they are used in curries and stews and can be pickled.

   Jackfruit is indigenous to Sri Lanka, China and Malaysia, but has been cultivated in India for at least 3000 years. The Bangladeshis have taken it as their national fruit, but in Pakistan it is grown in the Karachi area for its novelty value. The fruit can be bought in two markets there however, in the Empress market and the new Subzi Mandi.

   Jackfruit trees can live for hundreds of years if cared for and take between 10 and 14 years to bear fruit.   There are two varieties of jackfruit, one which is hard and the other soft. The hard one is cooked as a vegetable or eaten raw as is the softer one, which is used in salads and desserts.

Ripe Jackfruit

  The Chinese have used it for centuries in traditional medicine as the unripe fruit has astringent properties, the bark contains tannin and the ripe fruit is used as a general tonic and a mild laxative when ripe. The latex from the tree is mixed with vinegar and used to heal abscesses snake bites and a paste made from the leaves, mixed with coconut juice is good for all skin problems. The seeds are given to stop vomiting, but care should be taken with these as they should be boiled or roasted or boiled and then roasted if you want to eat them. In India they are eaten as you would eat lentils.

   The bark is sometimes used in poultices to treat wounds and swellings, and the heated leaves are also put on wounds to stop bleeding. The wood when boiled has sedative properties, and the pith is said to induce abortion. An extract of the root is used for fevers and to treat diarrhoea and it is also used for skin problems and to treat asthma.

   The fruit rind contains pectin and makes a good jelly when used with citric acid. The leaves of the tree are used for animal fodder as well as food wrappings, and can be sewn together to make plates. The wood is resistant to termites and is prized in furniture- making in Sri Lanka, where they also use the roots of old trees to make picture frames and to carve decorative items from. The latex can be used as a cement or sealant to caulk boats, mend holes in buckets, and to stick pieces of crockery and earthenware together when they break.

Jackfruit Tree

   The fruit inside the Jackfruit has simple sugars, fructose and sucrose which give you an almost immediate energy boost, and it is rich in dietary fibres which means that it is a good bulk laxative and helps protect against colon cancer and piles. It is rich in vitamin A which is necessary to maintain good eyesight, and as it is a powerful antioxidant it helps fight free radicals. It also contains beta-carotene and lutein, antioxidants which protect against breast and prostate cancer as well as other types of cancer. The fruit is also rich in B-complex vitamins (niacin, thiamin, riboflavin and folic acid), B6 (pyridoxine) and vitamin C. The seeds contain protein and minerals. However medical trials have suggested that the seeds can lower libido and induce temporary erectile dysfunction, and it is not advisable for pregnancy or breast-feeding mothers to eat the seeds.

  There is insufficient medical evidence to support the traditional uses of the jackfruit, but the studies that have been carried out suggest that perhaps the leaves can treat high levels of blood sugar and glucose intolerance. Other studies suggest that the sees may have antimicrobial, anti-viral and immuno-stimulant properties, but more studies are needed to prove or disprove these initial findings, especially for the importance of the jackfruit in treating diabetes.

JACKFRUIT SALAD

Ingredients

1 jackfruit, inner fruits removed and sliced

250 gr freshly grated coconut

6-8 bananas, sliced

2 tbsps honey

Garnish- mint leaves

Method

Mix the ingredients together and serve.

Garnish with mint leaves.

This has Taste and is a Treat.